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Å͹´Í¹ »Õ 1903 ¢³Ð·Õè à«ÍÃìÇÔÅàÅÕÂÁ ¤ÃÙ¡Êì (Sir William Crookes) ¼Ùéà»ç¹ÀÒ¾¢Í§¤ÇÒÁ§´§ÒÁÂÔè§áËè§ ÊÁÑÂÇÔ¡µÍàÃÕ ¡ÓÅѧʹء¡Ñº¡ÒÃÊѧࡵ áʧàÃ×ͧ (fluorescence) ·ÕèÃѧÊÕáÍÅ¿Ò¨Ò¡àÃà´ÕÂÁ¼ÅÔµº¹©Ò¡Êѧ¡ÐÊÕ«ÑÅä¿´ì ÍغѵÔà˵ءçà¡Ô´¢Öé¹àÁ×èͤÃÙ¡Êì·ÓàÃà´ÕÂÁË¡ ¤ÇÒÁ·ÕèàÃ觨ÐËÒáÅÐà¡çºàÃà´ÕÂÁ¡ÅѺ¤×¹ à¢Ò¨Ö§ÊèͧËÒº¹©Ò¡´éÇ ¡Åéͧ¨ØÅ·ÃÃȹì áÅÐÊÔ觷ÕèàËç¹ä´éÊÃéÒ§¤ÇÒÁÍÑȨÃÃÂìã¨á¡èà¢ÒÂÔ觹ѡ ! à¾ÃÒÐá·¹·Õè¨ÐàËç¹à»ç¹áʧàÃ×ͧÊÁèÓàÊÁÍ ÍÂèÒ§·Õè¤Ò´¤Ô´äÇé ÊÔ觷ÕèàË繡ÅѺà»ç¹áʧÇÔºÇѺ·Õèà¡Ô´¡ÃШѴ¡ÃШÒ ·ÕèáµèÅÐÇÒº¹Ñé¹à¡Ô´¨Ò¡áµèÅÐ͹ØÀÒ¤áÍÅ¿Ò !
¹Õèàͧ ¤ÃÙ¡Êìà¡Ô´áç·ÐÂҹ㨠㹡ÒûÃдÔÉ°ìÍØ»¡Ã³ì§èÒ æ ÍѹáʹÍÑȨÃÃÂì ·Õèà»Ô´ªèͧ·Ò§ÊдǡÊÓËÃѺÁͧ´Ù áʧÇѺ (scintillation) àËÅèÒ¹Õé ÃÒ§ҹ¢èÒÇã¹The Chemical News àÁ×èÍ»Õ 1903 ¤ÃÙ¡Êì¡ÅèÒÇäÇéÇèÒ “µÔ´µÑ駩ҡ·Õè©ÒºÊÒüÊÁÊѧ¡ÐÊÕ«ÑÅä¿´ìäÇé·Õè»ÅÒÂ˹Ö觢ͧËÅÍ´·Í§àËÅ×ͧ ¢éҧ˹éÒ©Ò¡...ËèÒ§ä»ÊÑ¡ 1 ÁÔÅÅÔàÁµÃ...ÇÒ§àÁç´à¡Å×ÍàÃà´ÕÂÁàÁç´Ë¹Öè§äÇé ÍÕ¡»ÅÒÂ˹Ö觵ԴµÑé§àŹÊì” |
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ÍØ»¡Ã³ì·ÕèáʹÍÑȨÃÃÂì´Ñ§ÃÒǻүÔËÒÃÔÂìàªè¹¹Õé ÂèÍÁ¡Ðࡳ±ìá¡è¤ÃÙ¡ÊìãËéµéͧËÒª×èÍÍѹªÇ¹¾ÔÈǧ·ÕèàËÁÒÐà¨ÒÐ ÊÑ¡ª×èÍ˹Öè§ “©Ñ¹àʹÍãËéàÃÕ¡ÍØ»¡Ã³ìªÔé¹¹éÍÂ æ ¹ÕéÇèÒ Ê»Ô¹·ÒÃÔÊ⤻” (Spinthariscope ÀÒÉÒä·Â¹èÒ¨ÐàÃÕ¡ä´éÇèÒ ¡ÅéͧáʧÇѺ) ¨Ò¡ÀÒÉÒ¡ÃÕ¡á»ÅÇèÒ áʧÇѺ (scintillation) «Öè§ÊÓËÃѺ¹Ñ¡»ÃÐÇѵÔÈÒʵÃì¿ÔÊÔ¡ÊìªÒÇÍàÁÃԡѹ ÅÍÇìàù«ì áºá´ª (Lawrence Badash) àª×èÍÇèÒ ´éÇÂÇÔÊÑÂà¨éÒº·à¨éÒ¡Å͹ÍÂèÒ§à«ÍÃìÇÔÅàÅÕÂÁ à»ç¹¸ÃÃÁ´ÒÁÒ¡·Õè¨ÐàÅ×Í¡ª×è͹Õé¨Ò¡ à¾Å§ÂÍÂȢͧâÎàÁÍÃì (Homer's Hymn) ·Õèè¹Ò¶ÇÒÂá´èà·¾ÍоÍÅâÅ
¡ÅéͧáʧÇѺ¢Í§¤ÃÙ¡Êìà»Ô´µÑÇá¡èÊÒ¸ÒóÐà»ç¹¤ÃÑé§áá㹠§Ò¹ÃÒµÃÕÊâÁÊÃáËè§ÇÔàÈÉÊÁÑ (special soiree) ¢Í§ ÃÒªÊÁÒ¤ÁáË觻ÃÐà·ÈÍѧ¡ÄÉ (British Royal Society) àÁ×èÍÇѹ·Õè 15 ¾ÄÉÀÒ¤Á 1903 ·Õ誹ªÑé¹ ËÑÇ¡ÃÐ·Ô (cr?me de la cr?me) ¢Í§ºØ¤¤ÅªÑé¹ÊÙ§ã¹Êѧ¤ÁáÅÐáǴǧÇÔ·ÂÒÈÒʵÃì ¨ÐÁÒà´Ô¹¡ÃзºäËÅè¡Ñ¹ áÅдÙÊÔ觢ͧÍѹ¹èÒµ×è¹µÒ·Õè¹ÓÁҨѴáÊ´§ ÍÒ·Ôàªè¹ â·ÃàÅ¢äÃéÊÒ·Õèà¾Ô觾Ѳ¹Òä´éäÁè¹Ò¹ §Ù¾ÔÉ·ÐàÅ áÅÐ ¡ÒÃà´Ô¹·Ò§ÊÓÃǨ·Õèà¡ÒÐ ¤ÃÕµ (Crete) áµè¡ÅѺà»ç¹ ¡ÅéͧáʧÇѺ ·Õèà»ç¹ ྪÃÂÍ´Á§¡Ø® ÍѹÊèͧáʧ¨ÃÑÊ ãËé¡ÑºÃÒµÃÕ»ÃдѺ´ÒÇÇѹ¹Ñé¹
à¾Õ§äÁè¹Ò¹ ·Ø¡¤¹¡çµéͧÁÕ¡ÅéͧáʧÇѺäÇ餹ÅÐÍѹ ·Ñé§ÊØÀÒ¾ºØÃØÉáÅÐÊØÀҾʵÃÕ µèÒ§¾¡¾ÒÁѹàÍÒäÇé 㹡ÃÐà»çÒàÊ×éÍËÃ×Í¡ÃÐà»ëÒ¶×Í à¾×èÍãËé¾ÃéÍÁÍÂÙèàÊÁÍàÁ×èÍÁÕâÍ¡ÒÊ áÅШÐä´éÊÒ¸ÔµÍØ»¡Ã³ìà¡ÕèÂǡѺÍеÍÁªÔé¹ÅèÒÊØ´ à´ç¡ æ ÁÒ¡ÁÒÂä´é¡ÅéͧáʧÇѺà»ç¹¢Í§¢ÇÑ á¹èÅÐÇèÒÁѹä´é¡ÅÒÂà»ç¹áçºÑ¹´ÒÅã¨ãËéËÅÒÂ æ ¤¹àµÔºâµ¢Öé¹ÁÒâ´ÂÂÖ´ÍÒªÕ¾·Ò§ÇÔ·ÂÒÈÒʵÃì
ã¹ÊËÃÑ°ÍàÁÃÔ¡ÒáÁé·Ø¡Çѹ¹Õé ¤¹ÊèǹãËè¨Ð¤Ô´ÇèÒ¡ÅéͧáʧÇѺà»ç¹à¾Õ§ ¢Í§à´ç¡àÅè¹ (ÅФÃÇÔ·ÂØâ·Ã·Ñȹì áÅСÒÃìµÙ¹ÊÁÑÂâ¹é¹ àÃ×èͧ Lone Ranger ᨡ¢Í§·ÕèÃÐÅÖ¡ÍÂèҧ˹Öè§à»ç¹ áËǹ àÃÕ¡ÇèÒ Lone Ranger Atom Bomb Ring áÅкÃÔÉÑ· Kix Cereals «Ö觼ÅÔµÍÒËÒÃàªéÒÊÓËÃѺà´ç¡ ¡çᨡá¶ÁáËǹẺà´ÕÂǡѹ㹪×èÍÇèÒ Kix Atomic Bomb Ring) áµèÍѹ·Õè¨ÃÔ§¡ÅéͧáʧÇѺà»ç¹ÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ¹Ñé¹ à¾ÃÒÐÁѹ¤×Í “à¤Ã×èͧ¹ÑºÃѧÊÕà¤Ã×èͧááã¹âÅ¡” ÍÂèÒ§á·é¨ÃÔ§ à¾ÃÒÐÍØ»¡Ã³ìÇÑ´ÃѧÊÕã¹Âؤáá æ àªè¹ á¼è¹¶èÒÂÃÙ» (photographic plate) ÍÔàÅç¡â·ÃàÁÍÃì (electrometer) ËÃ×Í ÍÔàÅç¡â·ÃÊ⤻ (electroscope) ¡ç´Õ Åéǹà»ç¹ à¤Ã×èͧÇÑ´àªÔ§ÍÔ¹·ÃÔà¡Ãµ (integrating detector) ·Õèµéͧ¤èÍ æ à¡çºÊÐÊÁÃѧÊÕ·Õèµéͧ¡ÒÃÇÑ´äÇéä´éÁÒ¡¾Í áÅéǨ֧¤èÍÂÃÒ§ҹ¼ÅÍÍ¡ÁÒä´é ·Ñé§ÊÔé¹ áµè¡ÅéͧáʧÇѺÊÒÁÒöµÃǨËÒ ¡ÒÃÊÅÒ¡ÑÁÁѹµÃѧÊÕ (decay) à˵ءÒóìà´ÕèÂÇ (individual event) ä´é |
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¡ÅéͧáʧÇѺ·Õèãªé㹡Òä鹤ÇéÒ·Ò§ÇÔ·ÂÒÈÒʵÃì ᵡµèÒ§à»ç¹ÍÂèÒ§ÁÒ¡¡Ñº·Õè¤ÃÙ¡ÊìàÅèÒàÍÒäÇéã¹ The Chemical News ¡ÅèÒǤ×Í äÁèãªè¡Åéͧ¶×Í´éÇÂÁ×Íà´ÕÂÇ áµèà»ç¹¡Åéͧ¨ØÅ·ÃÃȹì¨ÃÔ§ æ ·ÕèãªéÊèͧ´ÙáʧÇѺ ÂÔè§ä»¡ÇèÒ¹Ñ鹡ç¤×Í ¡ÒÃãªé§Ò¹á·é¨ÃÔ§äÁèãªèàÃ×èͧʹءàÍÒàÅ ¡ÒùѺáʧÇѺáµèÅФÃÑ駷Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹à»ç¹§Ò¹ÂÒ¡ ¹èÒàº×èÍ áÅеéͧ»ÃѺÊÒµÒãËéªÔ¹¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁÁ×´¹Ò¹¾ÍÊÁ¤Çà ¡ÇèÒ·Õè¹Ñ¡ÇԨѨоÃéÍÁÊèͧ¡Åéͧ ¤ÃÑé¹¾ÍàÃÔèÁÊèͧ¡Åéͧ ¡ÒùѺáʧÇѺ¹ÑºÇèÒÂÒ¡ÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´á¡èÊÒÂµÒ ¡®¨Ö§ÁÕÇèÒ àÁ×èÍà¾è§µÒ¹Ñºä»Ë¹Öè§ËÃ×ÍÊͧ¹Ò·Õ ¡çµéͧ¾Ñ¡ÊÒµҾѡãËè (µéͧãªéËÅÒ¤¹¼ÅÑ´¡Ñ¹¹Ñº)
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àÍÍÃìà¹Êµì ÃÑ·à·ÍÃì¿ÍÃì´ (Ernest Rutherford) à¢Õ¹àÍÒäÇéàÁ×èÍ»Õ 1930 ÇèÒ ã¹Ç§¡ÒÃÇÔ·ÂÒÈÒʵÃì¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃì ¡ÅéͧáʧÇѺ¹Õèàͧ ·Õè¹èÒ¨Ðà»ç¹ÍØ»¡Ã³ìª¹Ô´áá ·Õè·ÓãËéÊÒÁÒö¹ÑºÃѧÊÕµ¡¡Ãзºä´é ·ÕèÁҢͧ»ÃÐ⤹Õé ÁÕà˵ءÒóìÂ×¹Âѹ ¤×ÍàÁ×èÍ»Õ 1924 ÎѹÊì ä¡à¡ÍÃì (Hans Geiger) áÅÐ àÍ. àÇÍÃìà¹ÍÃì (A. Werner) ·Ó¡Ò÷´Åͧ ¹ÑºáʧÇѺ ·Õèà¡Ô´º¹©Ò¡Êѧ¡ÐÊÕ«ÑÅä¿´ìà´ÕÂǡѹ¾ÃéÍÁ¡Ñ¹ ´éÇ¡Åéͧ¨ØÅ·ÃÃȹì·ÕèÊèͧ´Ùä´éÊͧ¤¹¾ÃéÍÁ¡Ñ¹ (dual oculars) ·Ñ駤ÙèµèÒ§¤¹µèÒ§ºÑ¹·Ö¡¨Ó¹Ç¹¹Ñº¢Í§µ¹â´Â¢Õ´Å§º¹à·»·ÕèàÅ×è͹仪éÒ æ â´Â¢Õ´¢Í§ä¡à¡ÍÃìáÅÐáÇÃìà¹ÍÃì¨Ð»ÃÒ¡¯º¹ ¤¹ÅдéÒ¹ ¢Í§à·» ¶éÒ¡Ó˹´¨Ó¹Ç¹¹Ñº¢Í§ä¡à¡ÍÃìáÅÐáÇÃìà¹ÍÃìà»ç¹ CG áÅÐ CW µÒÁÅӴѺ áÅШӹǹ¤ÃÑé§ ·Õè·Ñ駤Ùè¹Ñºä´é¾ÃéÍÁ¡Ñ¹ (ÃÍ¢մ¢Í§·Ñ駤Ù躹෻ÍÂÙèµÃ§¢éÒÁ¡Ñ¹¾Í´Õ) ¡Ó˹´à»ç¹ CGW áÅéÇ ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¶éҨӹǹ ¡ÒÃà¡Ô´áʧÇѺ¨ÃÔ§ º¹©Ò¡ ¤×Í N áÅлÃÐÊÔ·¸ÔÀÒ¾¡ÒùѺ¢Í§ä¡à¡ÍÃìáÅÐáÇÃìà¹ÍÃì¤×Í EG áÅÐ EW µÒÁÅӴѺ ¡ç¨Ðä´éÇèÒ |
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¨Ò¡àÃ×èͧ Spinthariscope : William Crookes and the Turbulent Luminous Seaâ´Â Paul W. Frame áËè§ Oak Ridge Associated Universities
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