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¾Åѧ§Ò¹¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃìä´é¨Ò¡¡ÒÃáºè§á¡¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÊ (fission ËÃ×Í ¿ÔªªÑ¹) ¢Í§ÇÑÊ´Ø¿ÔÊä«Åì (fissile material) àªè¹ ÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁ-233 ÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁ-235 áÅоÅÙâ·à¹ÕÂÁ-239 â´ÂÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁ-235 ÁÕÍÂÙèµÒÁ¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔ ÊèǹÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁ-233 à¡Ô´¨Ò¡¡ÒèѺÂÖ´¹ÔǵÃ͹¢Í§¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂʢͧÇÑÊ´Øà¿ÍÃìä·Åì (fertile material) ¤×Í ·ÍàÃÕÂÁ-232 «Öè§ÁÕÍÂÙèµÒÁ¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔàªè¹¡Ñ¹ ÊÓËÃѺ¾ÅÙâ·à¹ÕÂÁ-239 ¹Ñé¹ à¡Ô´¨Ò¡¡ÒÃãªéàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁ-235 ÀÒÂã¹à¤Ã×èͧ»¯Ô¡Ã³ì¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃìàÁ×èÍà¡Ô´¿ÔªªÑ¹áÅéÇ ¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÊÊèǹ˹Öè§ (ÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁ-238 ·ÕèÁÕÍÂÙè´éÇÂã¹à¹×éÍàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§) á»Ã¸ÒµØà»ç¹¾ÅÙâ·à¹ÕÂÁ-239 ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁáÅзÍàÃÕÂÁ«Öè§à»ç¹¸ÒµØ˹ѡ·ÕèÊØ´Êͧ¸ÒµØ·ÕèÁÕÍÂÙè㹸ÃÃÁªÒµÔ ¨Ö§à»ç¹Çѵ¶Ø´Ôº¾×é¹°Ò¹¢Í§¡ÒüÅÔµàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃì (nuclear fuel) |
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ÇÑÊ´Øà¿ÍÃìä·ÅìÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁ-238 á»Ã¸ÒµØÊͧ·Í´à»ç¹¾ÅÙâ·à¹ÕÂÁ-239 «Öè§à¡Ô´¿ÔªªÑ¹ä´é |
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| Çѯ¨Ñ¡Ãàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃì (nuclear fuel cycle) à»ç¹Ãкº·Ò§ÇÔÈÇ¡ÃÃÁ·ÕèÃÇÁàÍÒ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃáÅÐà·¤â¹âÅÂÕµèÒ§ æ ·Õèà¡ÕèÂÇ¢éͧ¡ÑºÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁËÃ×Í·ÍàÃÕÂÁà¢éÒäÇé´éÇ¡ѹ (ÊèǹãËèà»ç¹ÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁ ÊÓËÃѺ·ÍàÃÕÂÁÂѧäÁè¶Ö§¢Ñé¹àªÔ§¾Ò³ÔªÂì) ¹ÑºµÑé§áµè¡ÒÃÊÓÃǨáÅСÒ÷ÓàËÁ×ͧÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁËÃ×Í·ÍàÃÕÂÁ (exploration and mining) ¡Ò÷ÓÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁËÃ×Í·ÍàÃÕÂÁãËéºÃÔÊØ·¸Ôì (purification) áÅСÒÃà»ÅÕè¹ÃÙ»ÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁËÃ×Í·ÍàÃÕÂÁ (conversion) ¨Ò¡ÊÔ¹áÃèà»ç¹ÇÑÊ´ØÃÐËÇèÒ§¡ÅÒ§¡Ãкǹ¡Òê¹Ô´à¢éÁ¢é¹ª¹Ô´µèÒ§ æ (concentrated process intermediates) ¡ÒÃàÊÃÔÁÊÁÃö¹ÐÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁËÃ×Í·ÍàÃÕÂÁ (enrichment) ¡ÒÃÍ͡ẺáÅСÒüÅÔµàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ (design and manufacturing fuel) ¡ÒÃËØéÁàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ (cladding) áÅСÒúÃèػÅÍ¡ªÔé¹Êèǹàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ (encapsulating the fuel element) áÅСÒûÃСͺàª×éÍá·è§à¾ÅÔ§ (fuel assembly) ¡ÒÃãªéàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ÀÒÂã¹à¤Ã×èͧ»¯Ô¡Ã³ì¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃì (utilization) ¡ÒÃà¡çºÃÑ¡ÉÒàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ãªéáÅéÇ (spent fuel storage) ¡ÒÃá»ÃÊÀÒ¾àª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ãªéáÅéÇ (reprocessing) à¾×èͤ׹ÊÀÒ¾ÇÑÊ´Ø¿ÔÊä«ÅìáÅÐÇÑÊ´Øà¿ÍÃìä·Åì (recovery) áÅСÒûÃСͺàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ãËÁè (refabrication) |
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Çѯ¨Ñ¡Ãàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃì·ÑèÇ æ 仢ͧÊËÃÑ°ÍàÁÃÔ¡Ò
(U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission) |
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1. |
à¤Ã×èͧ»¯Ô¡Ã³ì¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃì¡ÓÅѧ |
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1.1 Íػʧ¤ìáÅÐÍØ»·Ò¹¢Í§ÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁ |
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¹Ñº¶Ö§ÊÔé¹à´×͹¸Ñ¹ÇÒ¤Á »Õ ¤.È. 2002 ÁÕà¤Ã×èͧ»¯Ô¡Ã³ì¡ÓÅѧ (power reactor) ÊÓËÃѺ¼ÅԵ俿éÒ·Ñé§ÊÔé¹ 441 à¤Ã×èͧ ·Õèà´Ô¹à¤Ã×èͧÍÂÙèã¹ 30 »ÃÐà·È ÃÇÁ¡ÓÅѧ¼ÅԵ俿éÒµÔ´µÑé§ 359 ¨Ô¡ÐÇѵµìä¿¿éÒ (GWe) áÅÐÂѧÁÕÍÕ¡ 32 à¤Ã×èͧ·ÕèÍÂÙèÃÐËÇèÒ§¡ÒõԴµÑé§ «Öè§àª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧ»¯Ô¡Ã³ì¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃìàËÅèÒ¹Õé¡ç¤×Í ÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁ
¤ÇÒÁµéͧ¡ÒÃÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁã¹áµèÅлÕÁÕ»ÃÐÁÒ³ 68,400 µÑ¹ ÁÕ¼Ùé¼ÅÔµÃÒÇ 20 »ÃÐà·È à»ç¹ÃÒÂãËè 7 »ÃÐà·È ä´éá¡è ÍÍÊàµÃàÅÕÂ á¤¹Ò´Ò ¤Ò«Ñ¤Ê¶Ò¹ ¹ÒÁÔàºÕ ä¹à¨ÍÃì Ê˾ѹ¸ÃÑ°ÃÑÊà«Õ áÅÐÍثມÔʶҹ ¤Ô´à»ç¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ 87 ¢Í§¼Å¼ÅÔµÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁ·Ñé§âÅ¡
ã¹»Õ ¤.È. 2002 ¼Å¼ÅÔµÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁ·Ñé§âÅ¡ÁÕà¾Õ§ 36,040 µÑ¹ ¤Ô´à»ç¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ 54 ¢Í§Íػʧ¤ì ·ÕèàËÅ×Íä´é¨Ò¡ÊµçÍ¡à¡èÒ·Ñ駾ÅàÃ×͹áÅзËÒÃà»ç¹ÊèǹãËè ÍÕ¡Êèǹ˹Öè§ä´é¨Ò¡¡ÒÃá»ÃÊÀÒ¾àª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ãªéáÅéÇ à¾×èÍÊ¡Ñ´àÍÒÇÑÊ´Ø¿ÔÊä«Åì·ÕèÂѧÁÕàËÅ×ÍÍÂÙè¡ÅѺÁÒá»ÃãªéãËÁè áÅСÒÃàÊÃÔÁÊÁÃö¹ÐÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁ´éÍÂÊÁÃö¹Ð (depleted uranium) «Öè§ËÁÒ¶֧ÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁ·ÕèÁÕͧ¤ì»ÃСͺ¢Í§ÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁ-235 ¹éÍ¡ÇèÒÃéÍÂÅÐ 0.7 ä´é¨Ò¡¼Å¾ÅÍÂä´é¨Ò¡¡ÒüÅÔµÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁàÊÃÔÁÊÁÃö¹Ð «Öè§Âѧ¤§ÁÕÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁ-235 àËÅ×ÍÍÂÙèÃéÍÂÅÐ 0.20-0.25 ¹Í¡¹Ñé¹à»ç¹ÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁ-238
ã¹»Õ ¤.È. 2003 ¡ÓÅѧ¼ÅÔµÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁ·ÕèÁÕà·èҡѺ 47,300 µÑ¹µèÍ»Õ áÅФҴÇèÒ¡ÓÅѧ¼ÅÔµÊÓËÃѺ»Õ ¤.È. 2005 ¨ÐŴŧàËÅ×Í 45,300 µÑ¹µèÍ»Õ áÅоͶ֧»Õ ¤.È. 2010 à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡ÁÕºÒ§àËÁ×ͧ¨Ð»Ô´µÑÇŧà¾ÃÒÐÊÔ¹áÃèÃèÍÂËÃÍÅ§ä» ¤Ò´ÇèÒ¡ÓÅѧ¼ÅÔµ¨ÐÁÕàËÅ×Í»ÃÐÁÒ³ 43,100 µÑ¹µèÍ»Õ ¤Ô´à»ç¹¡ÒÃŴŧÃéÍÂÅÐ 4.9 àÁ×èÍà·Õº¡Ñº»Õ ¤.È. 2005 áµèã¹¢³Ðà´ÕÂǡѹ¼Ùé¼ÅÔµ¡çä´éÇҧἹà¾ÔèÁ¡ÓÅѧ¼ÅÔµ¢Öé¹ãËÁèÍÕ¡ ¤Ò´ÇèÒ»ÃÐÁÒ³ 20,900 µÑ¹µèÍ»Õ «Ö觨зÓãËé¡ÓÅѧ¼ÅÔµÃÇÁã¹»Õ ¤.È. 2010 ÁÕà·èҡѺ 63,900 µÑ¹µèÍ»Õ ¤Ô´à»ç¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ 90 ¢Í§¤ÇÒÁµéͧ¡ÒõèÍ»Õ
(¢éÍÁÙÅã¹µÒÃÒ§¢éÒ§ÅèÒ§¹Õé»ÃѺ»ÃاÅèÒÊØ´àÁ×èÍÇѹ·Õè 31 ¾ÄÉÀÒ¤Á ¾.È. 2550 ÃǺÃÇÁâ´ÂàÇçºä«µì http://www.uic.com.au/reactors.htm) |
World NUCLEAR POWER REACTORS 2006-07 and Uranium Requirements |
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NUCLEAR ELECTRICITY GENERATION
2006 |
REACTORS OPERABLE
May 2007 |
REACTORS under CONSTRUCTION
May 2007 |
REACTORS PLANNED
May 2007 |
REACTORS PROPOSED
May 2007 |
URANIUM REQUIRED
2007 |
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billion kWh |
% e |
No. |
MWe |
No. |
MWe |
No. |
MWe |
No. |
MWe |
tonnes U |
Argentina |
7.2 |
6.9 |
2 |
935 |
1 |
692 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
700 |
135 |
Armenia |
2.4 |
42 |
1 |
376 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1000 |
51 |
Belgium |
44.3 |
54 |
7 |
5728 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1079 |
Brazil |
13.0 |
3.3 |
2 |
1901 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1245 |
4 |
4000 |
338 |
Bulgaria |
18.1 |
44 |
2 |
1906 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
1900 |
0 |
0 |
255 |
Canada* |
92.4 |
16 |
18 |
12595 |
2 |
1540 |
4 |
4000 |
0 |
0 |
1836 |
China |
51.8 |
1.9 |
11 |
8587 |
4 |
3170 |
23 |
24500 |
54 |
42000 |
1454 |
China: Taiwan |
38.3 |
20 |
6 |
4884 |
2 |
2600 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
906 |
Czech Republic |
24.5 |
31 |
6 |
3472 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
1900 |
550 |
Egypt |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
600 |
0 |
Finland |
22.0 |
28 |
4 |
2696 |
1 |
1600 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
472 |
France |
428.7 |
78 |
59 |
63473 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1630 |
1 |
1600 |
10368 |
Germany |
158.7 |
32 |
17 |
20303 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3486 |
Hungary |
12.5 |
38 |
4 |
1773 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
254 |
India |
15.6 |
2.6 |
17 |
3779 |
6 |
2976 |
4 |
2800 |
15 |
11100 |
491 |
Indonesia |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4000 |
0 |
Iran |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
915 |
2 |
1900 |
3 |
2850 |
143 |
Israel |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1200 |
0 |
Japan |
291.5 |
30 |
55 |
47577 |
2 |
2285 |
11 |
14945 |
1 |
1100 |
8872 |
Kazakhstan |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
300 |
0 |
Korea DPR (North) |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
950 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Korea RO (South) |
141.2 |
39 |
20 |
17533 |
1 |
950 |
7 |
8250 |
0 |
0 |
3037 |
Lithuania |
8.0 |
69 |
1 |
1185 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1000 |
134 |
Mexico |
10.4 |
4.9 |
2 |
1310 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
2000 |
257 |
Netherlands |
3.3 |
3.5 |
1 |
485 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
112 |
Pakistan |
2.6 |
2.7 |
2 |
400 |
1 |
300 |
2 |
600 |
2 |
2000 |
64 |
Romania |
5.2 |
9.0 |
1 |
655 |
1 |
655 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
1995 |
92 |
Russia |
144.3 |
16 |
31 |
21743 |
5 |
2720 |
8 |
9600 |
18 |
21600 |
3777 |
Slovakia |
16.6 |
57 |
5 |
2064 |
2 |
840 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
299 |
Slovenia |
5.3 |
40 |
1 |
696 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1000 |
145 |
South Africa |
10.1 |
4.4 |
2 |
1842 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
165 |
24 |
4000 |
332 |
Spain |
57.4 |
20 |
8 |
7442 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1473 |
Sweden |
65.1 |
48 |
10 |
9076 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1468 |
Switzerland |
26.4 |
37 |
5 |
3220 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
575 |
Turkey |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
4500 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ukraine |
84.8 |
48 |
15 |
13168 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
1900 |
20 |
21000 |
2003 |
United Kingdom |
69.2 |
18 |
19 |
10982 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2021 |
USA |
787.2 |
19 |
103 |
98254 |
1 |
1155 |
2 |
2716 |
21 |
24000 |
20050 |
Vietnam |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
2000 |
0 |
WORLD |
2658 |
16 |
437 |
370,040 |
30 |
22,398 |
74 |
81,601 |
182 |
151,345 |
66,529 |
|
billion kWh |
% e |
No. |
MWe |
No. |
MWe |
No. |
MWe |
No. |
MWe |
tonnes U |
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NUCLEAR ELECTRICITY GENERATION 2005 |
REACTORS OPERATING |
REACTORS BUILDING |
ON ORDER or PLANNED |
PROPOSED |
URANIUM REQUIRED |
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Sources:
Reactor data: WNA to 31/5/07.
IAEA- for nuclear electricity production & percentage of electricity (% e) 5/07.
WNA: Global Nuclear Fuel Market (reference scenario) - for U. Includes first cores for new reactors. Operating = Connected to the grid
Building/Construction = first concrete for reactor poured, or major refurbishment under way
Planned = Approvals and funding in place, or construction well advanced but suspended indefinitely;
Proposed = clear intention but still without funding and/or approvals.
TWh = Terawatt-hours (billion kilowatt-hours), MWe = Megawatt net (electrical as distinct from thermal), kWh = kilowatt-hour
NB: 66,529 tU = 78,458 t U3O8 |
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1.2 ÊÁÃö¹Ðàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃìáÅÐà·¤â¹âÅÂÕ |
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¡è͹Í×è¹¾Ö§·ÃÒºÇèÒ ã¹àª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃì¹Ñé¹ Êèǹ·Õèà»ç¹¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂʢͧÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁ-235 ËÃ×;ÅÙâ·à¹ÕÂÁ-239 ¤×ÍÊèǹ·Õèà¡Ô´¿ÔªªÑ¹áÅéǻŴ»Åè;Åѧ§Ò¹ÍÍ¡ÁÒ â´ÂËÒ¡ÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁ-235 »ÃÔÁÒ³ 1 ¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁà¡Ô´¿ÔªªÑ¹ÍÂèÒ§ÊÁºÙóì¨Ð¼ÅÔµ¾Åѧ§Ò¹ä´éà·èҡѺ¡ÒÃà¼Ò¼ÅҢͧ¶èÒ¹ËÔ¹ 2,400 µÑ¹ ·Ñ駹ÕéÃéÍÂÅÐ 95 ¢Í§¡ÃÐáÊä¿¿éÒ¨Ò¡¾Åѧ§Ò¹¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃìä´é¨Ò¡à¤Ã×èͧ»¯Ô¡Ã³ì¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃìẺ·Õèãªé¹éÓ¸ÃÃÁ´Ò (à¤Ã×èͧ»¯Ô¡Ã³ì¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃìẺ¹éÓÁÇÅàºÒ ËÃ×Í light water reactor ËÃ×Í LWR) ËÃ×͹éÓÁÇÅ˹ѡ (à¤Ã×èͧ»¯Ô¡Ã³ì¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃìẺ¹éÓÁÇÅ˹ѡ ËÃ×Í heavy water reactor ËÃ×Í HWR) à»ç¹µÑÇ˹èǧ¤ÇÒÁàÃçǢͧ¹ÔǵÃ͹·Õèà¡Ô´¨Ò¡»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¿ÔªªÑ¹ áÅÐÁÕäÍâ«â·»¿ÔÊä«Åìã¹á·è§àª×éÍà¾ÅԧẺÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (UO2) à»ç¹ÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁ-235 ËÃ×Í·Ñé§ÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁ-235 áÅоÅÙâ·à¹ÕÂÁ-239 ã¹á·è§àª×éÍà¾ÅԧẺàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ÍÍ¡ä«´ì¼ÊÁ (mixed oxide ËÃ×Í MOX) 㹻Ѩ¨ØºÑ¹àª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§·Õèãªé¡Ñº LWR ¨ÐÁÕ¡ÒÃàÊÃÔÁÊÁÃö¹ÐÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁ-235 ÊÙ§¶Ö§ÃéÍÂÅÐ 5 áÅÐ HWR ¨Ðãªéàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§à»ç¹ÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁ¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔËÃ×Í·ÕèÁÕÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁàÊÃÔÁÊÁÃö¹Ð (enriched uranium) ÃéÍÂÅÐ 1.2
¡ÓÅѧ¼ÅԵ㹡ÒûÃСͺàª×éÍà¾ÅԧẺ UO2 ·ÑèÇâÅ¡ÍÂÙè㹪èǧ 14,300 µÑ¹âÅËÐ˹ѡ (tonne of heavy metal ËÃ×Í tHM) µèÍ»Õ ã¹¢³Ð·Õè¤ÇÒÁµéͧ¡Òõèͻդ×Í 9,000 µÑ¹ Êèǹ¡ÓÅѧ¼ÅԵ㹡ÒûÃСͺàª×éÍà¾ÅԧẺ MOX ÁÕà¡×ͺ 300 µÑ¹µèÍ»Õ ÊÙ§¡ÇèÒ¤ÇÒÁµéͧ¡ÒÃàªè¹¡Ñ¹ «Öè§ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁµéͧ¡ÒûÕÅÐÃÒÇ 200 µÑ¹ ÊÃØ»ÇèÒ´éÒ¹ÍصÊÒË¡ÃÃÁ»ÃСͺàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§¢³Ð¹ÕéÍÂÙèã¹ÃдѺ·ÕèàµÔºâµàµçÁ·ÕèáÅéÇ·Ñ駴éÒ¹¼Ùé¼ÅÔµ ¡ÃÃÁÇÔ¸Õ ¡ÓÅѧ¼ÅÔµ áÅÐà·¤â¹âÅÂÕ·Õè¾ÃéÍÁÁÙÅ |
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1.3 »ÑËÒ´éÒ¹ÊÁÃö¹Ð¢Í§àª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃìÕ |
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»ÑËҢͧàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃì»ÃСÒÃ˹Ö觡ç¤×Í àÁ×èÍàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§à¡Ô´¿ÔªªÑ¹¨ÐÁÕá¡êÊà¡Ô´¢Öé¹´éÇ àÃÕ¡ÇèÒá¡êÊ¿ÔªªÑ¹ (fission gases) ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ã¹¡Ã³Õ¢Í§àª×éÍà¾ÅԧẺ MOX «Öè§ÁÕàºÔÃì¹ÍÑ» (burnup ËÃ×Í ÍѵÃÒ¡ÒÃãªéàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§) áÅйÔǵÃ͹¿ÅÑ¡«ì (neutron flux ËÃ×Í ÍѵÃÒ¡ÒÃà¡Ô´¹ÔǵÃ͹¨Ò¡¿ÔªªÑ¹ ÇÑ´à»ç¹¨Ó¹Ç¹¹ÔǵÃ͹·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹µèÍ˹èǾ×é¹·Õè) ÊÙ§¡ÇèÒàª×éÍà¾ÅԧẺ UO2 ¡ÒÃà¡Ô´á¡êÊ¿ÔªªÑ¹¨Ö§ÁÕÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒáÅеéͧ¤Ó¹Ö§¶Ö§´éÇ 㹢³Ð·ÕèäÁèÁÕ»ÑËÒã´ æ ¡Ñºàª×éÍà¾ÅԧẺ UO2
»ÑËÒÃéÒÂáçÊèǹãËè¢Í§àª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃìÍÂÙè·Õèà»Å×Í¡ËØéÁàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ à¾ÃÒÐà»Å×Í¡ËØéÁàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§·ÕèàÊÕÂËÒ Ê觼ŵèÍ»ÃÐÊÔ·¸ÔÀÒ¾¡Ò÷ӧҹ¢Í§à¤Ã×èͧ»¯Ô¡Ã³ì¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃìŴŧ¨¹¶Ö§µéͧËÂØ´à´Ô¹à¤Ã×èͧ áµèÍصÊÒË¡ÃÃÁ¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃìä´éàÃÕ¹ÃÙé»ÑËÒ¹ÕéÁÒáµèÍ´ÕµáÅÐÊÒÁöŴ»ÑËÒÁÒä´éàÃ×èÍÂ æ ¨¹âÍ¡ÒÊà¡Ô´»ÑËÒÍÂÙèã¹ÃдѺ 1 ã¹ 100,000 (10-5) ËÃ×Í´Õ¡ÇèÒ¹Ñé¹ áÅÐÁÕà»éÒËÁÒ·Õè 1 ã¹ 1,000,000 (10-6) ËÃ×Í 1 ¾Õ¾ÕàÍçÁ
»ÑËÒ»ÅÕ¡ÂèÍÂÍ×è¹ æ ·Õè»ÃÐʺÁÒáÅÐÁÕ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉҡѹÍÂèÒ§ÅÖ¡«Ö駨¹ËÒÊÒà˵ØáÅÐá¡é䢡ѹä´é´Õ¡çÁÕ àªè¹ ¡ÒÃÊÍ´á·è§àª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§äÁèÊÁºÙóì (incomplete rod insertion ËÃ×Í IRI) «Ö觨ӡѴ¡ÒÃàºÔÃì¹ÍÑ» áÅФÇÒÁ¼Ô´»¡µÔàÂ×éͧÈÙ¹Âì¨Ò¡á¡¹ (axial offset anomaly ËÃ×Í AOA) «Ö觷ÓãËé¼ÅÔµ¡ÓÅѧä´éµèÓ¡ÇèÒ¡ÒûÃСͺ·Õè¶Ù¡µéͧ |
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1.4 ¡ÒèѴ¡ÒÃàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ãªéáÅéÇ |
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àª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ãªéáÅéÇ (spent fuel) ·Õè¶Í´ÍÍ¡ÁҨҡ᡹à¤Ã×èͧ»¯Ô¡Ã³ì¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃì¨Ð¶Ù¡à¡çºäÇé㹺è͹éÓ·Õèàª×èÍÁµèÍÍÂÙè¡Ñºà¤Ã×èͧ»¯Ô¡Ã³ì¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃì (at-reactor [AR] water pool) ¡è͹¨Ð¹Ó仼ÅÔµ«éÓ á»ÃÊÀÒ¾ à¡çºäÇé·ÕèÍ×è¹ ËÃ×Íà¡çºäÇéã¹·Õè½Ñ§à¡çºãµé¸Ã³Õ (geological repositories) µèÍä»
¹Ñº¶Ö§»ÅÒÂ»Õ ¤.È. 2003 »ÃÔÁÒ³àª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ãªéáÅéÇ·Ñé§ËÁ´·ÑèÇâÅ¡·Õè¶Í´ÍÍ¡ÁÒ¨Ò¡à¤Ã×èͧ»¯Ô¡Ã³ì¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃìÁÕÃÒÇ 87,000 tHM ·Õè¹ÓÁÒá»ÃÊÀÒ¾ ·ÕèàËÅ×ÍÍÕ¡ 178,000 tHM ¹Ñé¹ ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 2 ã¹ 3 Êèǹ ¶Ù¡à¡çºäÇé·ÕèÍ×è¹ä¡Å¨Ò¡à¤Ã×èͧ»¯Ô¡Ã³ì¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃì (away-from-reactor ËÃ×Í AFR) ¡Ñºà¡çºäÇéã¹·Õèà¡çºª¹Ô´áËé§ (dry storage facilities) «Ö觻ÃÐÁÒ³¡ÒÃÊÓËÃѺ»Õ ¤.È. 2010 ¹èÒ¨Ðà¡Ô¹ 340,000 tHM áÅÐã¹»Õ ¤.È. 2020 ·Õèà¤Ã×èͧ»¯Ô¡Ã³ì¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃì·Õèà´Ô¹à¤Ã×èͧÍÂÙ袳йÕé ÊèǹãËèãºÍ¹ØÒµ¨ÐËÁ´ÍÒÂءѹáÅéÇ ¶Ö§¢³Ð¹Ñé¹»ÃÔÁÒ³àª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ãªéáÅéǤÇèÐÁÕÁÒ¡¶Ö§ 445,000 tHM |
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´éÒ¹«éÒ¤×ÍÍÒ¤ÒÃà¤Ã×èͧ»¯Ô¡Ã³ì¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃì Êèǹ´éÒ¹¢ÇÒà»ç¹ÍÒ¤ÒèѴ¡ÒÃà¡ÕèÂǡѺàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ |
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1.5 ¡ÅÂØ·¸ìáÅÐà·¤â¹âÅÂբͧàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ãªéáÅéÇ |
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Íѹ·Õè¨ÃÔ§ã¹à¹×éÍàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ãªéáÅéǹÑ鹡çÂѧ¤§ÁÕÇÑÊ´Ø¿ÔÊä«ÅìÁÒ¡¾Í·Õè¨Ð¹ÓÁÒá»ÃãªéãËÁèä´é â´Â¡ÒÃá»ÃÊÀÒ¾àª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ãªéáÅéÇáÅлÃСͺàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ãËÁè·ÕèàÃÕ¡ÇèÒ Çѯ¨Ñ¡Ãàª×éÍà¾ÅԧẺ»Ô´ (closed fuel cycle) «Öè§àª×èÍÇèҨз´á·¹¡ÒÃËÁ´ä»¢Í§àª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§«Ò¡´Ö¡´ÓºÃþì (fossil fuels) ä´é áµè´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇáÅéÇÇèÒ ·Õè¼èÒ¹ÁÒÁÕ¡ÒÃá»ÃÊÀÒ¾àª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ãªéáÅéÇà¾Õ§ÃéÍÂÅÐ 30 ·ÕèàËÅ×ÍÊèǹ˹Ö觹ÔÂÁ¡Ó¨Ñ´·Ôé§ä»â´ÂµÃ§ ÍÕ¡Êèǹ˹Öè§à¡çºÃÍäÇé ¤Í´ÙÇèÒ¨ÐÁÕà·¤â¹âÅÂÕãËÁèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ÁÒËÃ×ÍäÁè ¡ÅÂØ·¸ìãËÁè¹Õé·ÓãËé·Õèà¡çºàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ãªéáÅéÇäÁè¤èÍÂà¾Õ§¾Í ºè͹éÓà´ÔÁ·Õèãªéà¡çºµéͧÊÃéÒ§ªÑé¹ÇÒ§à¾ÔèÁ¢Öé¹ ¾ÃéÍÁ¡Ñº¢ÍãºÍ¹ØÒµãËÁèãËéà¡çºàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ãªéáÅéÇä´éÁÒ¡¢Öé¹áÅйҹ¢Öé¹
ã¹ËÅÒ»ÕËÅѧÁÒ¹Õé ÁÕÍÕ¡¡ÅÂØ·¸ì˹Öè§à¾×èÍÅ´»ÃÔÁÒ³àª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ãªéáÅéÇ â´Â¡ÒÃà¾ÔèÁÊÁÃö¹ÐÂÙàÃà¹ÕÂÁ¢Í§àª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ ãËéÊÙ§¢Öé¹ áÅÐàºÔÃì¹ÍÑ»¡çÊÙ§¢Öé¹´éÇ áµè¡ç·ÓãËéÃѧÊÕã¹àª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ãªéáÅéÇÊÙ§¢Öé¹àªè¹¡Ñ¹ ·ÓãËéµéͧãªéàÇÅÒà¡çº ã¡Åéà¤Ã×èͧ»¯Ô¡Ã³ì¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃì¹Ò¹¢Öé¹ ¡è͹·Õè¨ÐÊÒÁÒö¹Óä»á»ÃÊÀÒ¾ãËÁè ËÃ×͹Óä»à¡çºã¹·ÕèÍ×è¹ä´é ÍÂèÒ§äáç´Õ à¤Ã×èͧ»¯Ô¡Ã³ì¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃìÃØè¹ËÅѧ ÊèǹãËèÁÕºè͹éÓà¡çºàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ãªéáÅéÇ ã¡Åéà¤Ã×èͧ»¯Ô¡Ã³ì¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃì ·ÕèÍ͡ẺãËéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ¨Ø¾Íà¾Õ§ãËéà¡çºàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ãªéáÅéÇ ä´éµÅÍ´ÍÒÂآѢͧà¤Ã×èͧ»¯Ô¡Ã³ì¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃì |
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¡ÇèÒ 50 »Õ·Õè¼èÒ¹ÁÒ à¤Ã×èͧ»¯Ô¡Ã³ì¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃìÇԨѠ(research reactors ËÃ×Í RRs) ä´éÁդسٻ¡ÒÃÁÒ¡ÁÒ ¹Ó¤ÇÒÁ¡éÒÇ˹éÒãËé¡Ñº¡ÒÃãªé¾Åѧ§Ò¹¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃì ÇÔ·ÂÒÈÒʵÃìÁÙÅ°Ò¹ ¡ÒþѲ¹ÒÇÑÊ´Ø ¡ÒüÅÔµäÍâ«â·»ÃѧÊÕÊÓËÃѺãªé㹡ÒÃá¾·ÂìáÅÐÍصÊÒË¡ÃÃÁ µÅÍ´¨¹´éÒ¹¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒáÅСÒý֡ͺÃÁ
¹Ñº¶Ö§à´×͹µØÅÒ¤Á»Õ ¤.È. 2003 ÁÕ RRs ¶Ö§ 673 à¤Ã×èͧ·ÕèÊÃéÒ§¡Ñ¹¢Öé¹ÁÒ â´ÂÂѧãªé§Ò¹ÍÂÙè 275 à¤Ã×èͧ㹠57 »ÃÐà·È·ÑèÇâÅ¡ (ã¹»ÃÐà·È¡ÓÅѧ¾Ñ²¹Ò 39 »ÃÐà·ÈÁÕãªéÍÂÙè 85 à¤Ã×èͧ) ÁÕ 214 à¤Ã×èͧ·ÕèàÅÔ¡ãªé§Ò¹ (shutdown) áÅÐÍÕ¡ 168 à¤Ã×èͧÍÂÙèÃÐËÇèÒ§¡ÒÃàÅÔ¡´Óà¹Ô¹¡Òà (decommissioning)
ã¹ËÅÒ»ÕÁÒ¹ÕéÁÕà¤Ã×èͧ·ÕèàÅÔ¡¡ÒÃãªé§Ò¹ÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ·ÕèàÅÔ¡´Óà¹Ô¹¡Òà ·Ñ駹Õé¡çà¾ÃÒÐÇèÒ¤ÇÒÁµéͧ¡ÒôéÒ¹¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ ½Ö¡ÍºÃÁ ¡ÒÃÇԨѠáÅÐà·¤â¹âÅÂÕ´éÒ¹ÇÔ·ÂÒÈÒʵÃì¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃìŴŧ ੾ÒÐà¤Ã×èͧ·ÕèÁդسÅѡɳоÔàÈÉ àªè¹ ÁÕ¹ÔǵÃ͹¿ÅÑ¡«ìÊÙ§ ËÃ×Í·ÕèÁÕÅÙ¡¤éÒã¹àªÔ§¾Ò³ÔªÂìÍÂÙè´éÇ àªè¹ ¼ÅÔµäÍâ«â·»ÃѧÊÕ ËÃ×Íãªéâ´ê»«ÔÅԡ͹ÊÓËÃѺ¼ÅÔµÊÒáÖ觵ÑÇ¹Ó (semiconductor) àËÅèÒ¹Õé¨Ö§ÁÕ¡ÒÃãªé§Ò¹ÍÂèÒ§àµçÁ·Õè
à»ç¹·Õè¹èÒàÊÕ´ÒÂÇèÒÁÕ RRs à»ç¹¨Ó¹Ç¹ÁÒ¡·Õèãªé§Ò¹äÁèàµçÁ·Õè ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ RRs ·Õè¤è͹¢éÒ§à¡èÒ¨Ö§¶Ù¡»Ô´áÅÐàÅÔ¡¡ÒôÓà¹Ô¹¡ÒÃã¹·ÕèÊØ´ áµè¡çäÁèä´éËÁÒ¤ÇÒÁÇèÒ¤ÇÒÁµéͧ¡Òà RRs ¡ÓÅѧ¨Ò§ËÒÂä» «Öè§á·º¨ÐµÃ§¡Ñ¹¢éÒÁ à¾ÃÒзÕè¨ÃÔ§¢³Ð¹ÕéÁÕ RRs ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 9 à¤Ã×èͧÍÂÙèÃÐËÇèÒ§¡ÒáèÍÊÃéÒ§ áÅÐÁÕá¼¹·Õè¨Ð¡èÍÊÃéÒ§ÍÂÙèÍÕ¡ 8 à¤Ã×èͧ â´Âà»ç¹à¤Ã×èͧ»¯Ô¡Ã³ì¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃìâ©ÁãËÁèÅèÒÊشẺÍ๡»ÃÐʧ¤ì (multipurpose) ·ÕèÍ͡ẺÊÓËÃѺ¼ÅÔµ¹ÔǵÃ͹¿ÅÑ¡«ìÊÙ§µèͤÇÒÁµéͧ¡ÒÃẺà͹¡»ÃÐʧ¤ìËÃ×Í੾Òзҧ ÂÔè§ä»¡ÇèÒ¹Ñé¹ RRs àËÅèÒ¹Õé¨Ð»é͹äÍâ«â·¡ÑÁÁѹµÃѧÊÕãËé¡Ñº·Ñ駷éͧ¶Ôè¹áÅÐÀÙÁÔÀÒ¤ ¡µÑÇÍÂèÒ§à¤Ã×èͧ»¯Ô¡Ã³ì¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃìà¤Ã×èͧãËÁè·Õè¡ÓÅѧ¡èÍÊÃéÒ§¢Í§»ÃÐà·ÈÍÍÊàµÃàÅÕ ¨Ðà»ç¹áººÍ๡»ÃÐʧ¤ì Êèǹà¤Ã×èͧ»¯Ô¡Ã³ì¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃì¿ÅÑ¡«ìÊÙ§ª×èÍÇèÒ FRMII ¢Í§»ÃÐà·ÈàÂÍÃÁ¹Õ ·Õèä´éÃѺãºÍ¹ØÒµãËéà´Ô¹à¤Ã×èͧä´éáÅéǵÑé§áµèà´×͹¾ÄÉÀÒ¤Á »Õ ¤.È. 2003 ¡çà¹é¹¡ÒÃÇԨѴéÒ¹ÅÓ¹ÔǵÃ͹ (neutron beam) áÅÐà¤Ã×èͧ»¯Ô¡Ã³ìẺàÁà¾ÔÅ (Maple reactor) ÍÕ¡ 2 à¤Ã×èͧ¢Í§»ÃÐà·Èá¤¹Ò´Ò ¡çàÃÕ¡ä´éÇèÒà»ç¹âç§Ò¹¼ÅÔµäÍâ«â·»ã¹àªÔ§¾Ò³ÔªÂì·ÕèÍ͡ẺÁÒ¼ÅÔµâÁÅÔº´Ô¹ÑÁ-99 ´éÇ¿ԪªÑ¹ |
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| ã¹ÃÐÂÐËÅѧ¹Õé »ÑËÒàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ãªéáÅéǢͧà¤Ã×èͧ»¯Ô¡Ã³ì¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃìÇԨѠ(research reactor spent fuel ËÃ×Í RRSNF) ä´éÃѺ¤ÇÒÁàÍÒã¨ãÊèà¾ÔèÁÁÒ¡¢Öé¹à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁËèǧãµèÍʶҹ·Õèà¡çºàª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§·ÕèàÃÔèÁà¡èÒ ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¡Òâ͵èÍÍÒÂØãºÍ¹ØÒµáÅСÒÃà¡çº·Ô駡ҡ RRSNF ¢Ñé¹ÊØ´·éÒ (ultimate disposal of RRSNF) ´Ù¨ÐÁÕÁÒ¡¢Öé¹ â´Â੾ÒÐ㹡ÅØèÁ»ÃÐà·È·ÕèäÁèÁÕâ¤Ã§¡ÒüÅÔµ¡ÃÐáÊä¿¿éÒ´éǾÅѧ§Ò¹¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃì ÁÕáµè RRs áÅÐÁÕ RRSNF »ÃÔÁÒ³à¾Õ§àÅ硹éÍ |
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¨Ò¡ NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND MATERIALS ¨Ñ´¾ÔÁ¾ìâ´Â IAEA |
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